clutch,
Have you ever checked out a KhanAcademy tutorial for the math you struggle with ? It is a very good way to learn complex concepts. Here is the link:
https://www.khanacademy.org/ It is free and you go at your own pace.
Otherwise, getting a diagnosis of memory dysfunction and other cognitive struggles should just be a matter of getting properly assessed. A Neuro Psychological Assessment could target these issues.
I have had to relearn mental math many times due to concussion issues. You can do it. There are brain training games for smart phones and tablet computers. It is worth a try.
Also, try closing your eyes when you need to think clearly. It may amaze you at the mental clarity you can develop. It takes some training to teach your brain to shut off the visual processing when your eyes are closed but once you develop this skill, it is like turning on a turbo boost to your brain power. Visual processing can take up to 30% of brain power. Learning to quickly transfer that brain power to other systems can be life changing.
Spend some time with the disabilities department at school and see if you can find some ways to enhance your learning. Explaining a need for 'multi-sensory' learning will be understood. They may have established programs. Those with dyslexia need similar assistance.
With time, you can learn to understand your learning style and needs.
My best to you.