Yes, there are different ways to go. The links will be image links to give you some ideas of what's available/possible.

One that combines what you're asking about is referred to as a greenhouse window that comes in a variety of configurations.

Another way is home hydroponics.

Vertical vegetable gardens is another, but like hydroponics, will likely require additional lighting.

Whichever way you want to go, choosing the right seeds/varieties is as important as the growth environment. Some verieties have been specially developed to grow/produce in these space-efficient gardens—regular outdoor seeds/varieties won't do well. Once you get going, however (if you're so inclined) you can develop your own hybrids/varieties.

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