It really all depends on whether you mean a surgery directly related to the spine or nerves...or if you just mean surgery in general.

Of course surgery on the spine can cause neuropathy if they damage the ganglia in any way.

There is a way surgery in general can also cause neuropathy. That is if the neuropathy is autoimmune based. Surgery can trigger a dormant autoimmune disease and set it into motion...thus setting the neuropathy into motion.

There are many things that can trigger an autoimmune disease to become active...surgery, trauma, viral or bacterial infections, stress, vaccine, or anything else that causes an immune mediated reaction.