Found this: http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medli...pain_syndrome_

Take note of the treatment given to the cow.

Also the following: From VetsOnline Matthew Gurney

"Chronic pain in cattle

Bergadano et al (2006) described a Swiss brown cow that underwent digit amputation, but 39 days later developed signs consistent with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) – a syndrome more common in people than cattle. Its features include:

• an initiating noxious event;

• spontaneous pain or allodynia/hyperalgesia;

• oedema or abnormalities in the skin blood flow;

• nerve injury; and

• exclusion of other potential causes.

In the case described, the cow demonstrated signs including non-weight-bearing pelvic limb lameness, muscle atrophy, hyperalgesia (rapid limb withdrawal in response to light touch), oedema of the fetlock and absence of joint infection. This case was unusual because CRPS developed despite peri-operative multimodal analgesia consisting of intravenous regional anaesthesia and NSAIDs. Treatment of the CRPS involved a multimodal approach using an epidural infusion including local anaesthesia, opioids, ketamine and alpha-2 agonists over 17 days. The cow was discharged with mild lameness and a muchimproved clinical condition."