|
Member
Join Date: Dec 2006
Posts: 808
|
It was too long to put the summary and references in the above post so here they are:
Quote:
SUMMARY
Causalgia is an unusual and most fascinating painful disorder that follows partial injury to nerves. It is usually seen during wartime, but it is also seen in civilian patients subjected to high- velocity injury to peripheral nerves. It has so many peculiar characteristics specific to it that it deserves to have the name causalgia exclusively. One of the most important features of the condition is that sympathetic interruption promptly relieves the burning pain, allodynia, and hyperpathia. If sympathetic interruption is done early, it cures the condition.
A number of other conditions that I have included under the generic name of reflex sympathetic dystrophy have symptoms that are similar to those of causalgia, though less severe, and on the basis of their responses to sympathetic blockade it is probable that the underlying mechanisms are also the same. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is clinically more important than causalgia because it occurs more frequently and can be cured if recognized and properly treated.
Careful review and assessment of various hypotheses that have been proposed about the mechanisms of causalgia and RSD reveal that, notwithstanding the vast amount of neurophysiologic and neuropathologic evidence acquired since Mitchell and Létiévant, we are still far from thoroughly understanding the mechanisms of these disorders. Moreover, we have not advanced much conceptually, because most authorities believe that causalgia is due to mechanisms that involve dysfunction of various parts of the peripheral and central nervous system as originally proposed by Mitchell and Létiévant. The available data suggest that: (a) the sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in producing spontaneous pain; (b) persistent sensitization of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the neuraxis occurs as a result of the initial massive input from nociceptive afferents that occurs at the time of injury; © low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents activated by light tactile stimulation can provoke increased excitation of the WDR neurons and thus produce allodynia; (d) the large-diameter low-threshold mechanoreceptor afferents can be activated by sympathetic efferent activity; and (e) in some cases the endings of polymodal nociceptors are sensitized.
References
1. Bonica, J.J.: The Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1953, pp. 913-918.
2. Merskey, H. (ed.): Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain (Suppl. 3): S28, 1986.
3. Tahmoush, A.J.: Causalgia: Redefinition as a clinical pain syndrome. Pain 10:187, 1981.
4. Roberts, W.J.: An hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains. Pain 24:297, 1986.
5. Procacci, P., and Maresca, M.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophies and algodystrophies: Historical and pathogenic considerations. Pain 31:137, 1988.
6. Bonica, J.J.: Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies. Postgrad. Med. 53:143, 1973.
7. Bonica, J.J.: Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol. 3. Edited by J.J. Bonica, J.C. Liebeskind, and D. Albe-Fessard. New York, Raven Press, 1979, pp. 141-166.
8. Mitchell, S.W., Moorehouse, G.R., and Keen, W.W.: Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1864.
9. Paget, J.: Clinical lecture on some cases of local paralysis. Med. Times Hosp. Gaz. 1:331, 1864.
10. White, J.C.. and Sweet, W.H.: Pain and the Neurosurgeon. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1969, p. 87.
11. Mitchell, S.W.: On the diseases of nerves, resulting from injuries. In Contributions Relating to the Causation and Prevention of Disease, and to Camp Diseases. Edited by A. Flint. New York, U.S. Sanitary Commission Memoirs, 1867.
12. Mitchell, S.W.: Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences. London, Smith Elder, 1872.
13. Létiévant, E.: Traite Des Sections Nerveuses. Paris, J.B. Bailliere et fils, 1873.
14. Meige, H., and Athanassio-Benisty, P.: Les signes cliniques des lesions de l'appareil sympatheque et de l'appareil vasculaire dans les blessures de membres. Presse Med. 24:153 1916.
15. Leriche, R.: De la causalgie envisages come une nevrite du sympathique et son traitement per la denudation et l'excision des plexus nerveux periarteriels. Presse Med. 24:178, 1916.
16. Carter, H.W.: On causalgia and applied painful conditions due to lesions of the peripheral nerves. J. Neurol. Psychopathol. 3:1, 1922.
17. Lewis, D., and Gatewood, W.: Treatment of causalgia: Results of intraneural injection of 60% alcohol. JAMA 74:1, 1920.
18. Blanchet, P.: Les causalgies post-tramatiques de Weir-Mitchell et leur devenir, Paris Libarie E. Le Francois, 1930.
19. Spurling, R.G.: Causalgia of the upper extremity. Treatment by dorsal sympathetic ganglionectomy. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 23:784, 1930.
20. Scalone, I.: La Chirurgie Della, Innervazione Periferica del simpatico. Milano, Ulrico Hoepli, 1931.
21. Ross, J.P.: Causalgia. St. Barth. Hosp. Rep. 65:103, 1932.
22. Pollock. L.J., and Davis, L.: Peripheral Nerve Injuries. New York, Paul B. Hoeber, 1933.
23. Kwan, S.T.: The treatment of causalgia by thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy. Ann. Surg. 101:222, 1935.
24. Leriche, R.: The Surgery of Pain. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1939.
25. Livingston, W.K.:Pain Mechanisms: A Physiologic Interpretation of Causalgia and its Related States. New York, Macmillan, 1943.
26. Bondarchuck, A.V.: (Surgical treatment of causalgia of the upper limbs.) Voprosy neyrokhirurgii. Moscow 8(3):37, 1944 (in Russian).
27. Doupe, J., Cullen C.H., and Chance, G.O.: Post-traumatic pain and the causalgic syndrome. J. Neurol. Psychiatry 7:33, 1944.
28. Mayfield, F.H., and Devine, J.W.: Causalgia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 80:631, 1945.
29. Spiegel, I.J., and Milowsky, J.L.: Causalgia: Preliminary report of nine cases treated successfully by surgical and chemical interruption of sympathetic pathways. JAMA 127:9, 1945.
30. Albritten, F.R., Jr., and Maltby, G.L.: Causalgia secondary to injury of the major peripheral nerves. Surgery 19:407, 1946.
31. Ulmer, J.L., and Mayfield, F.H.: Causalgia: A Study of 75 cases. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 83:789, 1946.
32. Rasmussen, T.B., and Freedman, H.: Treatment of causalgia. J. Neurosurg. 3:165, 1946.
33. Freeman, N.E.: The treatment of causalgia arising from gunshot wounds of the peripheral nerves. Surgery 22:68, 1947.
34. Kirklin, J.W., Henoweth, A.I., and Murphey, F.: Causalgia: A review of its characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. Surgery 21:321, 1947.
35. Nathan, P.W.: On the pathogenesis of causalgia in peripheral nerve injures. Brain 70:145, 1947.
36. Cullen, C.H.: Causalgia, diagnosis and treatment. J. Bone Joint Surg. 30B:467, 1948.
37. Shumacker, H.B.: Causalgia. III. General Discussion. Surgery 24:485, 1948.
38. Shumacker, H.B., Speigel, I.J., and Upjohn, R.H.: Causalgia. I. Sympathetic interruption in treatment. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 86:76, 1948.
39. Shumacker, H.G., Speigel, I.J., and Upjohn, R.H.: Causalgia. II. The signs of symptoms with particular references to vasomotor disturbances. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 86:452, 1948.
40. Slessor, A.J.: Causalgia: A review of 22 cases. Edinburgh Med. J. 44:563, 1948.
41. Sunderland, S., and Kelly, M.: The painful sequelae of injuries to peripheral nerves. Aust. N.Z. J. Surg. 18:75, 1948.
42. White, J.C., Heroy, W.W., and Goodman, E.N.: Causalgia following gunshot injuries of nerves. Ann. Surg. 128:161, 1948.
43. Echlin, F., Owens, F.M., and Wells, W.L.: Observations on "major" and "minor" causalgia. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 62:183, 1949.
44. Mayfield, F. H. : Causalgia. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1951.
45. Barnes, R.: The role of sympathectomy in the treatment of causalgia. J. Bone Joint Surg. 35B:172, 1953.
46. Barnes, R.: Causalgia: A review of 48 cases. In Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Edited by H.J. Seddon. London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1954, pp. 156-180.
47. Carayon, A., and Bourrell: Cent cinquante causalgies traitées et suivies jusqu'a consolidation. Men. Acad. Chir. 88:763, 1962.
48. Baker, A.G., and Winegardner, F.G.: Causalgia: A review of twenty-eight treated cases. Am. J. Surg. 117:690, 1969.
49. Omer, G., and Thomas, S.: Treatment of causalgia: A review of cases at Brooke General Hospital. Texas Med. 67:93, 1971.
50. Buker, R.H., et al.: Causalgia and transthoracic sympathectomy. Am. J. Surg. 124:724, 1972.
51. Rothberg, J.M., Tahmoush, A.J., and Oldakowski, R.: The epidemiology of causalgia among soldiers wounded in Vietnam. Milit. Med. 148:347, 1983.
52. Ghostine, S.Y., et al.: Phenoxybenzamine in the treatment of causalgia: Report of 40 cases. J. Neurosurg. 60:1263, 1984.
53. Richards, R.L.: Causalgia: A centennial review. Arch. Neurol. 16:339, 1967.
54. Sunderland, S.: Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone, 1968.
55. Bingham, J.A.W.: Causalgia of the face: Two cases successfully treated by sympathectomy. Br. Med. J. 1:804. 1947.
56. Pucket, W.O., Grunfest, H., McElroy, W.D., and McMillen, J.H.: Damage to peripheral nerves by high velocity missiles without a direct hit. J. Neurosurg. 3:294, 1946.
57. Horowitz, S.H.: Iatrogenic causalgia: Classification, clinical findings and legal ramifications. Arch. Neurol. 41:821, 1984.
58. Ochoa, J.: The newly recognized painful ABC Syndrome! Thermographic aspects Thermology 2:65, 1986.
59. Lindblom, U.: Assessment of abnormal evoked pain in neurological pain patients and its relation to spontaneous pain: A descriptive and conceptual model with some analytical results. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol. 9. Edited by H.L. Fields, R. Dubaer, and F. Cervero. New York Raven Press, 1985, pp. 49-423.
60. White, J.C., and Silverstone, B.: Pain and related phenomena including causalgia. In Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Edited by B. Woodhall and G.W. Beebe. Medical monograph U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956, pp. 311-347.
61. Tahmoush, A.J., Malley, J., and Jennings, J.R.: Skin conductants, temperature, and blood flow in causalgia. Neurology 33:1483, 1983.
62. Nathan, P.W.: Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system and pain. In Pain and Society. Edited by H.W. Kosterlitz and L.Y. Terenius. Weinheim, Verlag Chemie, 1980, pp. 311-324.
63. Mitchell, J.K.: Remote Consequences of Injuries of Nerves and Their Treatment. Philadelphia, Lea Bros., 1895.
64. Campbell, J.N., Srinivasa, N.R., and Meyer, R.A.: Painful sequelae of nerve injury. In Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol. 3. Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain. Edited by R. Dubner, G.F. Gebhart, and M.R. Bond. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 114-128, pp. 135-143.
65. Loh, L., and Nathan, P.W.: Painful peripheral states and sympathetic blocks. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 41:664, 1978.
66. Hannington-Kiff, J.E.: Intravenous regional sympathetic block with guanethidine. Lancet 1:1019, 1974.
67. Hannington-Kiff, J.E.: Relief of causalgia in limbs by regional intravenous guanethidine. Br. Med. J. 2:367, 1979.
68. Loh, L.L., Nathan, P.W., Schott, G.D., and Wilson, P.G.: Effects of regional guanethidine infusion in certain painful states. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 43:46, 1980.
69. Wynn-Parry, C.B., and Withrington, R.: The management of painful peripheral nerve disorders. In Textbook of Pain. Edited by P.D. Wall and R. Melzack. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1984, pp. 395-401.
70. Simpson, G.: Propranolol for causalgia and Sudeck atrophy. JAMA 227:327, 1974.
71. Gilman, A.G., Goodman, L.S., and Gilman, A.: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th Ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980, pp. 178-183.
72. Flowtow, R.G.: Relief of pain from a neurologic viewpoint. Northwest Med. 29:69, 1930.
73. Meyer, G.A., and Fields, H.L.: Causalgia treated by selective large fibre stimulation of peripheral nerve. Brain 95:163, 1972.
74. Sedan, R., and Lazorthes, Y.: La Neurostimulation Electrique Thérapeutique. Neurochirur. (Paris), 24(1):1, 1978.
75. Ascherl, R., and Blümel, G.: Zum Krankheitsbild der Sudeck's chen Dystrophie. Fortschr. Med. 99:712, 1981.
76. Sudeck, P.: Ueber die akute enzundiche Knochenatrophie. Arch. klin. Chir. 62:147, 1900.
77. Fontaine, R., and Herrmann, L.G.: Post-traumatic painful osteoporosis. Ann. Surg. 97:26, 1933.
78. Livingston, W.K.: Post-traumatic pain syndromes. West. J Surg. Obstet. Gynecol. 46:341, 1938.
79. Homans, J.: Minor causalgia. N. Engl. J. Med. 222:870, 1940.
80. Evans, J.A.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 82:36, 1946.
81. Shumacker, H.B., and Abramson, D.I.: Post-traumatic vasomotor disorders. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 88:417, 1949.
82. Drucker, W.R., Huby, C.A., Holden, W.D., and Bukovnic, J.A.: Pathogenesis of post-traumatic sympathetic dystrophy. Am. J. Surg. 94:454, 1959.
83. Pakt, J., Martin, G.M., Magness, J.L., and Kavanaugh, G.J.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Review of 140 cases. Minn. Med. 53:507, 1970.
84. Patman, R.D., Thompson, J.E., and Persson, A.V.: Management of post-traumatic pain syndromes; Report of 113 cases. Ann. Surg. 177:780, 1973.
85. Stein, A.H., Jr.: The relation of median nerve compression to Sudeck's syndrome. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 115:713 1962.
86. Morettin, L.B., and Wilson, M.: Severe reflex algodystrophy (Sudeck's atrophy) as a complication of myelography: Report of two cases. AJR 110:156, 1970.
87. Stilz, R.J., Carron, H., and Sanders, D.B.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a 6-year-old: Successful treatment by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Anesth. Analg. 56:438, 1977.
88. Ruggeri, S.B., et al.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children. Clin. Orthop. 183:225, 1982.
89. Steinbrocker, O.: The shoulder-hand syndrome. Am. J. Med. 3:402, 1947.
90. Carlson, D.H., Simon, H., and Wegner, W.: Bone-scanning and diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy secondary to herniated lumbar discs. Neurology 27:791, 1977.
91. Loh, L., Nathan, P.W., and Schott, G.D.: Pain due to lesions of the central nervous system removed by sympathetic block. Br. Med. J. 282:1026, 1981.
92. Subbarao, J., and Stillwell, G.K.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome of the upper extremity: Analysis of total outcome of management of 125 cases. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 62:549, 1981.
93. Hendler, N., Uematesu, S., and Long, D.: Thermographic validation of physical complaints in ''psychogenic pain" patients. Psychosomatics 23:283, 1982.
94. Genant, H.K., et al.: The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Radiology 117:21, 1975.
95. Holder, L.E., and MacKinnon, S.E.: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the hands: Clinical and scintigraphic criteria. Radiology 152:517, 1984.
96. Kozin, F., et al.: The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS). III. Scintigraphic studies: Further evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of systemic corticosteroids and proposed diagnostic criteria. Am. J. Med. 70:23, 1981.
97. Kiger, S.: Remarks on the prognosis of the post-traumatic dystrophy of extremities. Acta Orthop. Scand. 17:253, 1947.
98. Wang, J.K., Erickson, R.P.. and Ilstrup, D.M.: Repeated stellate ganglion blocks for upper- extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Regional Anesth. 10:125, 1985.
99. Bonelli, S., et al.: Regional intravenous guanethidine vs. stellate ganglion blocks in reflex sympathetic dystrophies: A randomized trial. Pain 16:297, 1983.
100. Hannington-Kiff, J.G.: Anti-sympathetic drugs in limbs. In Textbook of Pain. Edited by P.D. Wall and R. Melzack. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1984, pp. 566-573.
101. Engkvist. O., et al.: Effects of regional intravenous guanethidine block in post-traumatic cold intolerance In hand amputees. J. Hand Surg. 10:145, 1985.
102. Sunderland, S.: Pain mechanisms in causalgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 39 :471, 1976.
103. Jänig, W.: Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: In which way is the sympathetic nervous system involved? Trends Neurol. Sci. 8:471, 1985.
104. Devor, M.: Nerve pathophysiology and mechanisms of pain in causalgia. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 7:371, 1983.
105. Ochoa, J.L., Torebjörk, E., Marchettini, P., and Sivak. M.: Mechanisms of neuropathic pain: Cumulative observations, new experiments, and further speculations. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol. 9. Edited by H.L. Fields et al. New York, Raven Press, 1985, pp. 431-450.
106. Schott, G.D.: Mechanisms of causalgia and related conditions. BRAIN 109:717, 1986.
107. Akoev, G.N.: Catecholamines, acetylcholine in excitability of mechanoreceptors. Progr. Neurobiol. 15:269, 1980.
108. Santini, M.: Towards a theory of sympathetic-sensory coupling: The primary sensory neuron as a feedback target of the sympathetic terminal. In Sensory Functions of the Skin in Primates. Edited by Y. Zotterman. Oxford, Pergamon, 1976, pp. 15-35.
109. Nathan, P.W.: Pain and the sympathetic nervous system. J. Auton, Nerv. Syst. 7:363, 1983.
110. Wallin, G., Toradjörk, E., and Hallin, R.: Preliminary observations on the pathophysiology of hyperalgesia in the causalgia pain syndrome. In Sensory Functions of the Skin. Edited by Y. Zotterman. Oxford, Pergamon, 1976, pp. 489-502.
111. Wall, P.D., and Gutnick, M.: Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: The physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma. Exp. Neurol. 43:580, 1974.
112. Seltzer, Z., and Devor, M.: Ectopic transmission in chronically damaged peripheral nerves. Neurology 29:1061,1979.
113. Jänig, W: Pathophysiology of nerve following mechanical injury. In Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol. 3. Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain. Edited by R. Dubner, G.F. Gebhart, and M.R. Bond. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 89-108.
114. Devor, M.: Central changes mediating neuropathic pain. In Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol. 3. Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain. Edited by R. Dubner, G.F. Gebhart, and M.R. Bond. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 114-128.
115. Wall, P.D.: The John J. Bonica Distinguished Lecture: Stability and instability of central pain mechanisms. In Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol. 3. Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain. Edited by R. Dubner G F. Gebhart, and M.R. Bond. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1988 pp. 114-128, pp. 13-24.
FIG. 11-5. Hands of a patient in the acute phase of reflex sympathetic dystrophy that developed 10 days after accidental injury that produced linear fracture of the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist. The left hand was edematous and red. The patient experienced moderately severe burning aching pain, which was promptly relieved with cervicothoracic sympathetic block. A series of four such treatments, done every other day, eliminated the edema and the skin changes as well as the pain.
FIG. 11-6. Hands of a patient with stage 2 reflex sympathetic dystrophy that developed after severe laceration of the volar surface of the left wrist caused by a swing saw. Within a few hours of the accident the wound was cleansed, cut tendons and nerves were repaired, and the wound was closed. Several days later the patient began to experience a diffuse burning pain and increased sensitivity of the thenar eminence in the palm, which became progressively worse. A. Two months after injury. Note trophic changes similar to those of the patient in Figure 11-3. Treatment consisted of a series of cervicothoracic sympathetic blocks and physical therapy. B. More than a year after injury. Treatment produced relief of burning pain, but some trophic changes remained.
FIG. 11-7. Photographs of the hands of a patient (MB) who developed reflex sympathetic dystrophy following pressure necrosis of the left forearm. This patient accidentally took an overdose of a muscle relaxant for spasticity of the lower extremities that was due to spinal cord injury. Soon after taking the relaxant she fell to the floor with her left arm underneath her body and a cigarette lighter beneath the arm. She remained in this position for 24 hours, when she was discovered by a relative. Soon afterwards she began to experience a diffuse burning pain and weakness of the hand and forearm, which were treated conservatively with analgesics and physical therapy for several months. A. Photograph taken some three months after the accident. Although the lesion gradually healed, the pain, weakness and trophic changes became progressively worse. When seen in consultation nearly 6 months after the accident she presented with grade 3 RSD. A series of diagnostic cervicothoracic sympathetic blocks was carried out with partial pain relief, after which sympathectomy was advised, but because of severe congenital malformation of the cervicothoracic portion of the spinal column and because of her poor physical condition it was decided to carry out chemical sympathectomy. After this procedure the pain gradually, albeit slowly, became less but never disappeared, and the contractions and osteoporosis remained (B, C) despite intensive therapy (see Fig. 11-8).
Fig. 11-8. Roentgenograms of the hands of MB. A. Moderate degree of osteoporosis in the left hand 3 months after injury. B. More severe and more diffuse osteoporosis of the left hand and a normal right hand, 15 months after injury.
Fig. 11-9. Diagram of the physiologic model developed by Roberts. A. Immediate response to trauma. Action potentials in C nociceptors propagate through the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) to the spinal cord, where they activate and sensitize wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons whose axons are sent to higher centers. B. The WDR neurons remain sensitized and now respond to activity in large- diameter A-mechanoreceptors, which are activated by light touch. This state produces allodynia. C.The same sensitized WDR neurons respond again to A-mechanoreceptor activity, but this activity is initiated by sympathetic efferent actions on the sensory receptors in absence of cutaneous stimulation. This phase represents sympathetically maintained pain. Modified from Roberts, W.J.: An hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pain. Pain, 24:297, 1986.
Fig. 11-10. Model proposed by Nathan. A. Lesion of a peripheral nerve produces an abnormal state in the dorsal horn, first in the segments of entrance of the damaged nerve and subsequently in adjacent segments, making the peripheral nerves adjacent to the one that was injured also develop an abnormal state. B. Spread of abnormal state from a lesion in the dorsal horn or other parts of the neuraxis to neighboring regions and out along afferent nerves that end in the affected posterior horn. Compare with Figure 8-4. From Nathan, P.W.: Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system and pain. In Pain and Society. Edited by H.W. Kosterlitz and L.Y. Terenius. Weinheim, Verlag Chemie, 1980.
|
|