just curious, what pharmaceutical pd drugs has your brother tried? has he tried plain old carbidopa/levodopa? if he has tried it and gets no benefit then he won't do any better on mucana. if he's looking to just start something for the first with l-dopa in it, it has always made more sense to me to start with c/l to get a baseline and then work in mucana, which can take awhile to get the right product and dosage. keep in mind that you have no guarantee that every batch of mucana is what it says it is.