I should add one comment...in these threads the topic of sham surgery (utility? ethics?) have been intertwined with discussions on placebo. MJFF has been interested in placebo effect for some time but we've struggled with zeroing in on what meaningful ways, if any, we can add value/take action. This conversation has been continuing in the wake of the failed Ceregene trial and was discussed at our recent Scientific Advisory Board meeting as well. While we haven't sort out a concrete path forward for MJFF-driven efforts, I want to share that we are working on it.

Debi