nancy, Thanks for this.

Very interesting study with a great article. This shows the long term effects of PCS in the very symptomatic concussion group using the MMPI II. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory version 2 is a poor concussion diagnostic tool but still showed symptoms at 23 years post injury. As it said, <The most important predictors of poor outcome were a combination of post-traumatic amnesia >30 minutes and EEG pathology within 24 hours after TBI.>

The MMPI-2 can be a stronger indicator of concussion if it is analyzed with the Cripes Neurological Symptoms process. The CNS process is rarely used as it is not currently being published and the author is in private practice and no longer involved in a research setting.

The study in New Zealand did not need highly symptomatic concussion subjects to show the lasting effects. It just relied on the subject self report of a concussion versus no concussion for the control group.