I saw something about raising cAMP (an intracellular chemical) can actually decrease a healing nerve's sensitivity to NOGO (a chemical that prevents nerves from healing in the spinal cord). Caffeine supposedly raises cAMP. While this is theoretical, it is plausible to think that caffeine could actually help certain types of neuropathy.

On the other side of the spectrum, it is a nervous stimulant, so it could potentially aggravate some symptoms as well.