If you don't have caller ID maybe the *69 will work.
I don't know if the * codes are only for Verizon phone company, or if it is for all phone companies.

You dial *69 and it will give you the number of the last caller, but best to do it right after a questionable call.
Then as mrsD says Google /search that # to see what you can find out.
If it was from a cell phone it's harder to get any information, but usually can find the city info.