[Snoopy]

I can't/won't take credit for this but the person who took the time to research and type this has given me permission to re-post it here. I would like to express my thanks to that person.


Lesions & Symptoms reprinted

Lesion Locations and Symptoms

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CEREBRUM - cognitive area; includes:

Parietal Lobe - receives and evaluates sensory information. It processes information about touch, taste, blood pH, pain, pressure and temperature. Inability to discriminate between sensory stimuli. Damage can cause inability to locate and recognize parts of the body (Neglect), severe Injury: Inability to recognize self, disorientation of environment space, inability to write.

Occipital Lobe - receives and integrates visual input. Can cause loss of ability to recognize object seen in opposite field of vision, "flash of light", "stars"

Temporal Lobe - receives and evaluates auditory and olfactory (smell) input. It's also associated with abstract thought, judgment and memory. Can cause hearing deficits, agitation, irritability, childish behavior, receptive/sensory aphasia.

Somesthetic Cortex - Receives sensory input from various parts of the body. If the primary sensory areas aren't intact, may not be aware of stimulus or not be able to tell where it's coming from.

Somesthetic Association area - takes visual input and compares it to what you already know. Damage can make it hard to recognize familiar objects or people. It also puts 'emotional value' on objects, which can account for some phobias or attractions. You tend to pay more attention to something that's familiar and you have a strong 'association' with.

Primary Motor Area - controls voluntary movement especially fine movements in the hands. It sends the messages to stimulate muscles to contract or relax.

FRONTAL LOBE - helps coordinate movement (balance and muscle coordination). Damage may result in ataxia which is a problem of muscle coordination. This can interfere with a person's ability to walk, talk, eat, and to perform other self care tasks. Can cause impairment of recent memory, inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, behavior disorders, difficulty in learning new information. Lack of inhibition (inappropriate social and/or sexual behavior). Emotional lability. "Flat" affect. Contra-lateral plegia, paresis. Expressive/motor aphasia.
Includes:

Premotor Area - determines which muscles must contract, in what order and to what degree, and sends the messages to the Primary Motor area. It also is involved in motivation and forethought, and helps control emotional behavior and mood. It lets people carry out complex skills and learned tasks, and affects manual dexterity. Damage can cause hesitancy in performing actions that you have learned to do.

Prefrontal area - controls aggression and motivation. It's the area destroyed when a frontal lobotomy is performed, which controls aggression, but also affects personality and motivation in other areas.

Broca's Area (motor speech area) - initiates the movements needed to speak. Hesitant or distorted speech is usually from damage in this area. A word is formulated here as it will be spoken, then it sends the information to the premotor area to decide which muscles have to be used to actually speak it.

Wernicke's Area (sensory speech area) - responsible for understanding and formulating coherent speech. Problems naming objects, comprehending visual language (reading) and repeating spoken sentences can be from damage in this area. Poor word finding is caused by damage isolating this area from parietal or temporal association areas. Being able to speak fluently, but unintelligibly, or poor repetition but good comprehension, is usually caused by damage between this area and Broca's area.

BASAL GANGLIA - inhibits unwanted muscular activity and affects planning and co-ordinating movements and posture. Damage to the area can cause exaggerated or uncontrolled movements, chorea, tremors at rest and with initiation of movement, abnormal increase in muscle tone, difficulty initiating movement.

LIMBIC SYSTEM - influences emotions, responses to the emotions, motivation, mood and sensations of pain and pleasure. Can cause loss of sense of smell and loss of recent memory. Different parts of this system are:

Olfactory Cortex - smell can stimulate hunger in the hypothalamus, and the smell of pheromones bring about sexual attraction. Damage in this area can cause excessive/decreased appetite, increased/decreased sexual activity and increase/loss of fear/anger responses.

Hyppocamus - help transform information from short term to long term memory; damage can cause loss of memory.

Amygdala - mediates both inborn and acquired emotional responses. It seems to be involved in mediating both conscious and unconscious emotional feeling.

Hypothalamus - helps regulate body functions, such as temperature, water and fat metabolism, sleep, sexual activity and emotional control.

CEREBELLUM - Affects coordination and voluntary movement. Can cause tremors, nystagmus, ataxia and lack of coordination/balance. Includes:

Fluccolonodular Lobe - helps with balance

Anterior - helps with gross motor coordination

Posterior - helps with fine motor coordination

All 3 compare signals received from different areas to keep them coordinated and give smooth movements. If retraining is needed, it helps with learning new functions and getting the right muscles to respond if the actions are repeated enough times.

BRAIN STEM - Neurological functions located in the brain stem include those necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (being awake and alert). It is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain. This includes:

Medulla Oblongata - primarily a relay station for the crossing of motor tracts between the spinal cord and the brain. It also contains the respiratory, vasomotor and cardiac centers, as well as many mechanisms for controlling reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting

Mid-brain - nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres and contains auditory and visual reflex centers

Pons - links different parts of the brain and serves as a relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical structures of the brain. It contains the respiratory center.

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SPINAL COLUMN

C1: blood supply to the head, pituitary gland, scalp, bones of the face, inner and middle ear, sympathetic nervous system, eyes, ears

C2: eyes, optic nerves, auditory nerves, sinuses, mastoid bones, tongue, forehead, heart

C3: cheeks, outer ear, face, bones, teeth, trifacial nerve, lungs

C4: nose, lips, mouth, Eustachian tube, mucus membranes, lungs

C5: vocal cords, neck glands, pharynx

C6: neck muscles, shoulders, tonsils

C7: thyroid gland, bursa in the shoulders, elbows, ulnar nerve

T1: arms from the elbows down, including hands, arms, wrists and fingers; esophagus and trachea, heart

T2: heart, including its valves and covering coronary arteries; lungs bronchial tubes

T3: lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, chest, breast, heart

T4: gallbladder, common duct, heart, lungs, bronchial tubes

T5: liver, solar plexus, circulation (general), heart, esophagus, stomach

T6: stomach, esophagus, peritoneum, liver, duodenum

T7: kidneys, appendix, testes, ovaries, uterus, adrenal cortex, spleen, pancreas, large intestine

T8: spleen, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, adrenal cortex, small intestine, pyloric valve

T9: adrenal cortex, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, ovaries, uterus, small intestine

T10: kidneys, appendix, testes, ovaries, uterus, adrenal cortex, spleen, pancreas, large intestine

T11: kidneys, ureters, large intestine, urinary bladder, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, uterus, ovaries, ileocecal valve

T12: small intestine, lymph circulation, large intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, kidneys, ileocecal valve

L1: large intestine, inguinal rings, uterus

L2: appendix, abdomen, upper leg, urinary bladder

L3: sex organs, uterus, bladder, knee, prostate, large intestine

L4: prostate gland, muscles of the lower back, sciatic nerve

L5: lower legs, ankles, feet, prostate

Sacrum: hip bones, buttocks, rectum, sex organs, genitalia, urinary bladder, ureter, prostate

Sacral Plexus: Forms the sciatic as well as other nerves that go to muscles, joints and other structures of the legs, knees, ankles, feet and toes

Coccyx: rectum, ****

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Corpus Callosum: What I've found says it's a commonly affected area, but many times causes no symptoms. When it does, it tends to be slight memory loss, sometimes personality changes and sometimes mild cognitive deficits.

Temperoparietal Region: Can affect the memory, language and reading ability among other things. One common symptom seems to be one the person doesn't really notice; 'neglecting' a part of the visual field. From what I've read, you might see an entire image, but only "see" one side of it - the right/left side doesn't register, depending on which side has the lesion.

[lady_express_44]

Thanks so much, Snoopy.

I remember researching this information when I saw it posted on another board. There was one bit of information that I ran across that was inaccurate . . . but do you think I can remember which part it was now?

Anyway, it is very helpful on the most part.

Cherier

[Snoopy]

Cherie,

The person who did this has stated she is not 100% sure it's accurate.

Do you think it's accurate enough to make it a *sticky*?

[SallyC]

Originally Posted by Snoopy

Cherie,

The person who did this has stated she is not 100% sure it's accurate.

Do you think it's accurate enough to make it a *sticky*?

IMO, not unless you have an author and a link, and I would think that it has to be 100% accurate or perhaps a disclaimer with it??

What do you think?

[Snoopy]

There isn't a link because someone spent time researching for the information and I don't feel I have the right to name the person - all I did was ask to post it on another board and she gave her permission.

I don't have a problem with it not being a *sticky* it was just a thought.
Should it be 100% accurate to be a sticky....probably....maybe I was a bit hasty but there is a lot of information there that could help someone trying to figure out their MRI and what a lesion might be affecting.

[lady_express_44]

I agree that this very valuable information, and I too would like to see it readily available to the members in a sticky.

I would suggest that it is unlikely that your source actually "wrote" the majority of this, and as I have done with much of my notes, s/he probably pieced together information from a number of reliable sources. (Feel free to correct me if I am wrong though!).

Then the question becomes, are we infringing upon copyright protection by not providing the source(s) of this research information? I guess that consideration depends a lot on how much is, or almost is, word for word?

When I googled some of the sentences, I got hits. There were a few words changed around, and not all on one website, but it's out there in pieces.

I've always struggled with this, personally, as I have been on the receiving end of decisions to delete my information because parts of it were "too close" to copyright infringement.

Anyway, either way I can't make a decision about this for our board in isolation of the mod team . . . but I would be more than happy to present it for their input and final resolution.

As for the other point, about things being 100% correct, I'm not so sure anyone could claim this . . . not even scientists/medical professionals. As with all the information we are exposed to though, I think we all appreciate that there are no "absolutes", yet.

I really do appreciate you posting this, and for asking the question to have this available for everyone, Snoopy. I'll present this for further discussion, if there are no sources available.

Cherie

[Snoopy]

Originally Posted by lady_express_44

I would suggest that it is unlikely that your source actually "wrote" the majority of this, and as I have done with much of my notes, s/he probably pieced together information from a number of reliable sources. (Feel free to correct me if I am wrong though!).
Cherie

I'm not going to correct you, I'm sure your pretty close to the truth

My son did a report for his AP History class, he submitted it during the summer (yep, summer homework). The teacher uses a program that picks up any hint of copyright infringement and he actually had hits on words such as....*This* and *article*....needless to say we were all a little suprised about that.

Anyway, thanks for at least considering it.

[reenee]

Thanks and since i failed biology one and a half times does this come w/a road map?
:>) I'll find one.

[Mariel]

Reading this helped me considerably in making sense of the effect of sclera I have in various brain parts. I am glad you posted this even if it is not l00% accurate.
One area I am not sure about (not sure I have sclera) was so suggestive of damage that I am assuming I may have spots in that area. My doctors never have ever discussed this with me, and I think they should have.

Mariel

[karaline]

Thanks Snoopy. I found it a very useful and thorough summary, so really appreciate you passing it on to us. The brain is so complex, and so many areas need to work together to carry out any particular function. I think its dangerous to assume loss of a function directly relates to damage in a particular area, or vice versa, but it sure helps to have some clue.

Cheers -karaline