I will try to shed a little light on this topic as I have had about 20 years of experience dealing with GM1 ganglioside. The reason all of this work has basically stall out is that their is currently no source of GM1 ganglioside for therapeutic use. The referenced work was done with bovine (cow) GM1 produced from materials collected at slaughter plants, and sponsored by a company called Fidia. When Mad Cow disease came along, and unknown bovine source material was banned for use in GM1 production, Fidia basically got out of the business. All of Dr. Schneider's work was done with the bovine source material that is no longer available. There is no synthetic source for GM1 and attempts at semi-synthetic have not resulted in quantities suitable for phamaceutical use. We have worked for the past 20 years to develope a source verified (you know the history of the individual animal) of raw material for GM1 production. We use a sheep source that have a genetic condition that results in storage of large quantities of GM1 in tissues, especially the brain. Tissues are harvested at slaughter and our GM1 ganglioside is manufacture for research use by Avanti Polar Lipids. We have the ability to scale this production system to treat Parkinson's patients as well as Huntington's disease patients, ie grow more sheep. Unfortunately, we continue to run into road blocks and people and companies that apparently are more interested in quick profits or protecting there turf than they are in treating people. We continue to search for a pharma partner to get this source of GM1 to the market. Fidia used GM1 in a number of clinical trials besides the Parkinson's trial so the safety is well established. Hopefully we will have a breakthrough soon. *edit* Larry Holler DVM, PhD