sprouting; BDNF; GDNF; macrophage; microglia; dopamine; striatal injury ...
 

http://www.answers.com/topic/brain

a.The portion of the vertebrate central nervous system that is enclosed within the cranium, continuous with the spinal cord, and composed of gray matter and white matter. It is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion.
b.A functionally similar portion of the invertebrate nervous system

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Activated Macrophages and Microglia Induce Dopaminergic Sprouting in the Injured Striatum and Express Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Peter E. Batchelor, Gabriel T. Liberatore, John Y. F. Wong, Michelle J. Porritt, Fenneke Frerichs, Geoffrey A. Donnan, and David W. Howells
Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site



http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/5/1708