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08-08-2008, 05:14 PM
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In Remembrance
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Nourish Your Brain
Like every other part of your body, your brain needs good nutrition to perform at its best. In the brain, nutrients facilitate essential functions that enable you to think, remember, sense, act and react – in a word, to live. 1. Nutrients help brain cells burn glucose – their primary fuel – more efficiently. 2. Nutrients help protect brain cells from oxidative damage. 3. Nutrients help brain cells make important neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers these cells use to communicate with each other and the rest of the body. Researchers have accelerated their efforts to find nutritional ways to support brain health, in order to help our society meet the coming challenge of an aging population. These efforts are paying off. Today, accumulating evidence suggests that not only better overall nutrition, but also supplementation with several key nutrients may help stave off the deterioration of brain cells that occurs with aging. These nutrients include: B vitamins –especially those needed for metabolism (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) and those needed to regulate homocysteine levels (folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6) antioxidant vitamins E and C other antioxidants, such as alpha-lipoic acid and plant extracts essential fatty acids -- the “good fats” found in fish, nuts and vegetables citicoline and other precursors of important neurotransmitters General Diet Studies suggest that a healthy diet plus supplements may help maintain cognitive function. The typical “Mediterranean” dietary pattern that includes higher levels of fish, olive oil, fruits and vegetables, cereals and wine has been found to be protective against age-related cognitive decline. http://www.cognizin.com/article-nourish-your-brain.html ________________ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2289218?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.P ubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pu bmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&l ogdbfrom=pubmed Citicoline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.Eberhardt R, Birbamer G, Gerstenbrand F, Rainer E, Traegner H. Pharmacologic Institute for Clinical Research, Munich, Germany. Eighty-five patients with an established diagnosis of primary Parkinson's disease were randomly assigned to receive their usual dose of levodopa (mean, 381 mg daily) plus 1,200 mg of citicoline daily or half their usual dose of levodopa (mean, 196 mg daily) plus the citicoline. Results of the Webster Rating Scale, a pegboard test, drawing, writing, and walking tests, a test of emotional state, and an overall assessment, administered before and after four weeks of treatment, revealed no significant between-group differences. Improvements on the tests were shown by more patients who received half their levodopa dose plus citicoline than by those who continued to receive their usual levodopa dose plus the citicoline. It is concluded that the levodopa-saving effect of citicoline could be used to decrease the incidence of side effects and retard the loss of efficacy of levodopa in long-term treatment. PMID: 2289218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Lipid Alterations in Transient Forebrain Ischemia: Possible New Mechanisms of CDP-Choline Neuroprotection. http://pt.wkhealth.com/pt/re/jneu/ab...195628!8091!-1 Clinical Neurochemistry and Disease Journal of Neurochemistry. 75(6):2528-2535, December 2000. Rao, A. Muralikrishna *+++; Hatcher, J. F. *; Dempsey, R. J. * Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline or citicoline) attenuated arachidonic acid (ArAc) release and provided significant protection for the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons of the cornu ammonis after transient forebrain ischemia of gerbil.
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with much love, lou_lou . . by . , on Flickr pd documentary - part 2 and 3 . . Resolve to be tender with the young, compassionate with the aged, sympathetic with the striving, and tolerant with the weak and the wrong. Sometime in your life you will have been all of these. Last edited by lou_lou; 08-08-2008 at 05:33 PM. |
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08-09-2008, 05:53 AM
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In Remembrance
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CDP-Choline In Age-Related Mental Decline
Rev Neurol 2002 Oct 1;35(7):675-82 Treatment of mild cognitive impairment: value of citicoline Abad Santos F, Novalbos J, Gallego Sandin S, Garcia AG. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Espa a. AIMS. The course of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) involves a slight loss of memory without any significant effects on other cognitive functions. Around 12% of these patients advance annually toward Alzheimer s disease, and for this reason it is important to search for medications that can prevent or slow down the evolution to dementia. Memory training programs, with relaxation techniques, the repetition of facts, information or pictures, categorizing information and the use of mnemonic rules can be effective. Drugs that can improve the cognitive faculties include piracetam, selegiline, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba extract, estrogens, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether citilcoline can be effective in this clinical situation. METHOD. It has been shown in several animal models that citicoline improves scoring in learning and memory tests. Likewise, citicoline has been shown to improve memory and other cognitive functions in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease or dementia and in old people suffering from memory deficit without dementia. Furthermore, a meta analysis of 12 clinical trials conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration, researchers reached the conclusion that citicoline improves memory, behaviour and the overall clinical impression in old people suffering from chronic brain diseases. CONCLUSION. Citicoline could be effective in the treatment of MCI, although more studies are needed in order to check whether the effect continues in the long term and whether it manages to slow down the progression to dementia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002 May;161(3):248-54 Chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters in the brains of healthy older subjects: an in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Babb SM, Wald LL, Cohen BM, Villafuerte RA, Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Renshaw PF. Consolidated Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, RATIONALE: Phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in brain cell membranes decreases with age. Evidence from both animal and in vitro studies indicates that CDP-choline (citicoline) administration may increase phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis and might reverse PtdCho loss. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether oral citicoline can increase PtdCho synthesis in the brains of older subjects by measuring levels of phosphorus-containing metabolites using proton-decoupled phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) before and after citicoline treatment. METHODS: All subjects took 500 mg citicoline once orally each day for 6 weeks, then took either citicoline or placebo once orally per day for a second 6-week period. Subjects underwent a (31)P-MRS scan at baseline and following 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Treatment with citicoline for 6 weeks was associated with a 7.3% increase from baseline levels in brain phosphodiesters ( P=0.008), including an 11.6% increase in glycerophosphoethanolamine ( P=0.002) and a 5.1% increase in glycerophosphocholine ( P=0.137). Subjects who continued to take citicoline for the second 6-week period did not show significant additional increases in the levels of these metabolites. No changes were seen in other phosphorus-containing metabolites. There was a correlation between improvement on the California Verbal Learning Test and increase in phosphodiesters. CONCLUSIONS: The increases in phosphodiesters seen in this study indicate that phospholipid synthesis and turnover were stimulated by 6 weeks of oral citicoline. These results in humans support previous in vitro and animal studies and suggest that the administration of oral citicoline may be of use in reversing age-related changes in the brain. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997 Apr;19(3):201-10 Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects. Alvarez XA, Laredo M, Corzo D, Fernandez-Novoa L, Mouzo R, Perea JE, Daniele D, Cacabelos R. EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, La Coruna, Spain. Citicoline is a choline donor involved in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids and acetylcholine extensively used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we investigated the effects of the oral administration of citicoline alone (C1000:1000 mg/day; C500:500 mg/day) or in combination with nimodipine (C +NI:300 + 90 mg/day) during 4 weeks on memory performance in elderly subjects with memory deficits and without dementia (N = 24; age = 66.12 +/- 10.78 years; MMS score = 31.69 +/- 2.76). Results indicated that citicoline in comparison with placebo improves memory in free recall tasks, but not in recognition tests. A significant improvement in word recall (5.17 +/- 1.1 vs. 3.95 +/- 1.2 omissions; p < 0.005), immediate object recall (6.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 5.5 +/- 1.2 omission; p < 0.05) and delayed object recall (8.5 +/- 2.1 vs. 6.7 +/- 2.4 omissions; p < 0.005) was observed after citicoline treatment. Similar results were found in the three subgroups of treatment (8 subjects per group), suggesting that citicoline possesses memory-enhancing activity at doses of 300-1000 mg/day. A decrease in systolic blood pressure and minor changes in lymphocyte cell counting were also observed in old subjects after receiving citicoline. These effects are consistent with the vasoregulatory and neuroimmune actions of citicoline and suggest that this compound may improve memory by acting on mechanisms of brain neurotropism and cerebrovascular regulation. According to the present results, showing that citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects, we concluded that this molecule is suitable for the treatment of memory deficits in old people. Arch Neurol 1996 May;53(5):441-8 Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging. Spiers PA, Myers D, Hochanadel GS, Lieberman HR, Wurtman RJ. Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. OBJECTIVE: To test the verbal memory of older volunteers given citicoline. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design was employed in the initial study. After data analysis, a subgroup was identified whose members had relatively inefficient memories. These subjects were recruited for a second study that used a crossover design. The subjects took either placebo or citicoline, 1000 mg/d, for 3 months in the initial study. In the crossover study, subjects took both placebo and citicoline, 2000 mg/d, each for 2 months. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 47 female and 48 male volunteers 50 to 85 years old. They were screened for dementia, memory disorders, and other neurological problems. Of the subjects with relatively inefficient memories, 32 participated in the crossover study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Verbal memory was tested at each study visit using a logical memory passage. Plasma choline concentrations were measured at baseline; at days 30, 60, and 90 in the initial study; and at day 60 of each treatment condition in the crossover study. Plasma choline concentrations and memory scores were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and covariance, followed by planned comparisons when appropriate. RESULTS: In the initial study, citicoline therapy improved delayed recall on logical memory only for the subjects with relatively inefficient memories. In the crossover study, the higher dosage of citicoline was clearly associated with improved immediate and delayed logical memory. CONCLUSIONS: Citicoline therapy improved verbal memory functioning in older individuals with relatively inefficient memories. Citicoline may prove effective in treating age-related cognitive decline that may be the precursor of dementia. Clin Ter 1991 Jun 30;137(6):403-13 Citicoline in the treatment of cognitive & behavioral disorders in pathologic senile decline Di Trapani G, Fioravanti M. Clinica Neurologica, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma. A three months study was performed on 150 aging patients with primary memory deficits in order to verify the effectiveness of CDP-Choline, administered in repeated cycles of four weeks, with an interval of one week between cycles, in improving patients' cognitive and behavioral efficiency and in stabilizing their cognitive decline. Objective measures of memory and attention, and a behavioral rating scale were used to assess treatment effects. CDP-Choline treatment demonstrated both symptomatic efficacy and a long lasting effect on cognition and behavior of these patients. Level of activation and attention responsiveness improved during treatment cycles and no further changes were identified of these variables in the follow-up period. Measures related to specific memory functioning showed, besides improvements during treatment, after-effects still active in the follow-up period, suggesting a long lasting change of the cognitive decline trend characteristic of these patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;640:233-6 Efficacy of CDP-choline in the treatment of senile alterations in memory. de la Morena E. Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain. Alterations in membrane function may occur as a consequence of aging because of a decrease in the synthesis or an increase in the catabolism of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, leading to impairment in cognitive function. Experimental studies have shown that the administration of CDP-choline increases the total amount of phosphatidylcholine and other related phospholipids in the brain and in some cases may enhance neurotransmission. Clinical assessments and neuropsychologic tests in patients with cerebral insufficiency, chronic cerebrovascular disease, and dementia suggest that CDP-choline may improve some of the memory deficits associated with aging. Minerva Med 1990 Jun;81(6):465-70 Effect of CDP-choline on senile mental deterioration. Multicenter experience on 237 cases Serra F, Diaspri GP, Gasbarrini A, Giancane S, Rimondi A, Tame MR, Sakellaridis E, Bernardi M, Gasbarrini G. Scuola di Specializzazione in Geriatria e Gerontologia, 1a Cattedra di Patologia Speciale Medica e Metodologia Clinica, Universita degli Studi di Bologna. The efficacy of CDP-choline (1000 mg/die) administered for two 21-day treatment cycles, with a one-week wash-out period between them, was evaluated in out and in-patients suffering from mild to moderate brain aging. The study was performed on 237 fully evaluable patients with the use of the reduced geriatric scale of Plutchik and al., for clinical evaluation of the symptomatology. The clinical data obtained demonstrate that treatment with CDP-choline is able to determine an improvement of symptomatology since the 1st cycle of therapy (p less than 0.001), and a further improvement in the 2nd cycle (p less than 0.001). Particularly, the therapeutic effect of the 1st cycle is persistent in the intermediate wash-out period (suspension of treatment) with a further decrease, of symptomatology regarding some items of Plutchik's scale (p less than 0.01). Finally, treatment with CDP-choline 1000 mg/die for two 21-day cycles in 237 patients suffering from brain aging determined a statistically significant improvement of the cognitive and behavioural parameters taken into consideration: independence/autonomous life; human relations/social life; interest and attentive capacity; individual behaviour. Therefore citicoline is confirmed as a valid therapeutic remedy for the clinical, functional and social recovery of these patients. Minerva Med 1983 Apr 7;74(14-15):819-21 Citicoline activity in senile mental decay Stramba-Badiale M, Scillieri E. A brief report on the role of neurotransmittors (especially dopamine) depletion in cerebral aging and the development of certain pathological conditions in the elderly is presented. This is followed by a report on the results obtained by the administration of citicoline (500 mg/per diem intramuscularly for 20 days) to a group of 24 elderly patients with senile mental decay. A significant improvement (p less than 0.01) in mental performance was observed in all patients and no side effects were noted.
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with much love, lou_lou . . by . , on Flickr pd documentary - part 2 and 3 . . Resolve to be tender with the young, compassionate with the aged, sympathetic with the striving, and tolerant with the weak and the wrong. Sometime in your life you will have been all of these. |
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08-09-2008, 06:04 AM
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#3 | |||
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In Remembrance
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http://www.modern-psychiatry.com/cdp-choline.htm
EAT YOUR ORANGE PEELS...  CONTINUED...http://www.modern-psychiatry.com/cdp-choline.htm Citicoline Didn't Help Tardive Dyskinesia or ECT Memory Loss in DBs: Citicoline didn't help tardive dyskinesia in a very small DB study. Compr Psychiatry. 1989 Jan-Feb;30(1):1-4; It didn't help the confusion or memory loss after ECT. The value of cytidine-5-diphosphate-choline in the prevention of impairment of memory function after electric convulsive therapy. A double-blind study. Ayuso-Gutierrez JL, Saiz-Ruiz J. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1982;6(3):243 Citicoline Helped Severe Head Injury in DB: A French study of 60 patients who were comatose in DB PC design found that citicoline reduced the duration of the coma. A precursor of phospholipids in the treatment of severe traumatic comas. Cohadon F, Richer E, Poletto B. Citicoline Helped Parkinson's in DB: A DB PC study using citicoline as an add-on to levo-dopa found a 23% decrease in bradykinesia and a 33% decrease in rigidity with a small effect on tremor. New strategies in the management of Parkinson's disease: a biological approach using a phospholipid precursor (CDP-choline). Agnoli A, Ruggieri S, Denaro A, Bruno G. Neuropsychobiology. 1982;8(6):289-96. Neurochirurgie. 1982;28(4):287-90
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with much love, lou_lou . . by . , on Flickr pd documentary - part 2 and 3 . . Resolve to be tender with the young, compassionate with the aged, sympathetic with the striving, and tolerant with the weak and the wrong. Sometime in your life you will have been all of these. |
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