Anti-aging article from Discover Magazine

Wing42 · 12-10-2007, 10:35 PM

This is from Discover Magazine online, December 4, 2007 . I think this article says a lot about what ultimately causes most PN, and is fertile ground for a discussion of ways to reduce PN symptoms and help heal our nerves..

Quote:

Can We Cure Aging?

12.04.2007 Controlling inflammation could be the key to a healthy old age.

by Kathleen McGowan

Jim Hammond is an elite athlete. He works out two hours a day with a trainer, pushing himself through sprints, runs, and strength-building exercises. His resting heart rate is below 50. He’s won three gold medals and one silver in amateur competitions this year alone, running races from 100 to 800 meters. In his division, he’s broken four national racing records. But perhaps the most elite thing about Hammond is his age.

He is 93. And really, there’s nothing much wrong with him, aside from the fact that he doesn’t see very well. He takes no drugs and has no complaints, although his hair long ago turned white and his skin is no longer taut.

His secret? He doesn’t have one. Hammond never took exceptional measures during his long life to preserve his health. He did not exercise regularly until his fifties and didn’t get serious about it until his eighties, when he began training for the Georgia Golden Olympics. “I love nothing better than winning,” he says. “It’s been a wonderful thing for me.” Hammond is aging, certainly, but somehow he isn’t getting old—at least, not in the way we usually think about it.

They say aging is one of the only certain things in life. But it turns out they were wrong. In recent years, gerontologists have overturned much of the conventional wisdom about getting old. Aging is not the simple result of the passage of time. According to a provocative new view, it is actually something our own bodies create, a side effect of the essential inflammatory system that protects us against infectious disease. As we fight off invaders, we inflict massive collateral damage on ourselves, poisoning our own organs and breaking down our own tissues. We are our own worst enemy.

This paradox is transforming the way we understand aging. It is also changing our understanding of what diseases are and where they come from. Inflammation seems to underlie not just senescence but all the chronic illnesses that often come along with it: diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s, heart attack. “Inflammatory factors predict virtually all bad outcomes in humans,” says Russell Tracy, a professor of pathology and biochemistry at the University of Vermont College of Medicine, whose pioneering research helped demonstrate the role of inflammation in heart disease. “It predicts having heart attacks, having heart failure, becoming diabetic; predicts becoming fragile in old age; predicts cognitive function decline, even cancer to a certain extent.”

The idea that chronic diseases might be caused by persistent inflammation has been kicking around since the 19th century. Only in the past few years, though, have modern biochemistry and the emerging field of systems biology made it possible to grasp the convoluted chemical interactions involved in body wide responses like inflammation. Over a lifetime, this essential set of defensive mechanisms runs out of bounds and gradually damages organs throughout the body.

When you start to think about aging as a consequence of inflammation, as Tracy and many prominent gerontologists now do, you start to see old age in a different, much more hopeful light. If decrepitude is driven by an overactive immune system, then it is treatable. And if many chronic diseases share this underlying cause, they might all be remedied in a similar way. The right anti-inflammatory drug could be a panacea, treating diabetes, dementia, heart disease, and even cancer. Such a wonder drug might allow us to live longer, but more to the point, it would almost surely allow us to live better, increasing the odds that we could all spend our old age feeling like Jim Hammond: healthy, vibrant, and vital. And unlike science fiction visions of an immortality pill, a successful anti-inflammatory treatment could actually happen within our lifetime.

For the last century and a half, the average life span in wealthy countries has increased steadily, climbing from about 45 to more than 80 years. There is no good reason to think this increase will suddenly stop. But longer life today often simply means taking longer to die—slowly, expensively, and with more disease and disability. “If you talk to many old people, what they are really desperate about is not the fact that they’re going to die but that they are going to be sick, dependent, have to rely on others,” says Luigi Ferrucci, chief of the longitudinal studies section at the National Institute on Aging and director of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, the nation’s longest-running study of old age.

Biologists have known for a while that inflammation increases with age, but until recently, given everything else that slumps, spikes, or goes off the rails as we get old, it didn’t seem especially important. Some researchers on aging still think that way.

But a big clue linking inflammation with aging came in the late 1990s, when Tracy and his colleagues showed that C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory protein, is an amazingly accurate predictor of a future heart attack—as good as or better than high blood pressure or high cholesterol. At least in heart disease, inflammation isn’t just a bystander. What’s more, we could do something to decrease it. Aspirin, which was already known to help people with heart disease, seems to work primarily by reducing inflammation.

So why should our own immune system rely on such an apparently dangerous mechanism? The answer lies in the fact that infectious disease has historically been the number one killer of human beings, and responding to this threat has profoundly shaped our biology. Possessing a fierce and ferocious immune response primed to keep us alive long enough to reproduce was an evolutionary no-brainer.

Inflammation is what gives us that response. It serves as all-purpose protection against invaders and traumatic damage. To take a simple scenario, suppose you are bitten by a cat. First, coagulation factors promote clotting in order to stanch bleeding and prevent germs from spreading from the wound site. A menagerie of phagocytes, which swallow and destroy pathogens, surge out of the bloodstream and squeeze into the affected tissue, engulfing bacteria and secreting cytokines—messenger proteins that send out the call for more responders. The phagocytes also generate reactive oxygen species, unstable compounds that chew up bacteria as well as damaged human tissue.

At the same time, other switches get flipped throughout the body, modifying everything from metabolism to cell growth, via other cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor–a, and things like CRP, which mark bacteria for destruction. The specialized adaptive immune response eliminates any remaining germs.

So far, so good. But the inflammation response can kick in even when there’s no invader. Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a classic example. In response to fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries, a type of phagocyte called a macrophage identifies the growing lesions as trouble spots and infiltrates them, swelling and destabilizing the deposits. Those lesions can then break open, resulting in the formation of a blood clot that can clog blood vessels and cause heart attacks. The more active the macrophages are, the more CRP is in the bloodstream, and the more likely the lesions will break open, block your arteries, and kill you.

The evidence that inflammation is behind other diseases is indirect, but it is mounting. Researchers have long known that in patients with Alzheimer’s, the areas of the human brain clogged with senility-associated plaques also bristle with inflammatory cells and cytokines. Modern research has found that cytokines block memory formation in mice. In diabetes, inflammation and insulin resistance apparently track together, and drugs that effectively restore insulin sensitivity also appear to reduce inflammatory factors like IL-6 and CRP. Inflammation is also being investigated by a group at Leiden University in the Netherlands as a culprit in declining lung function, in osteoporosis, and in old-age depression. Even the weakness of old age may have an inflammatory cause: Ferrucci has found that inflammatory activity breaks down skeletal muscle, leading to the loss of lean muscle mass. Being fat makes all these diseases strike earlier, and that seems to be at least in part because fat cells spur more inflammation.

These findings have provided researchers with a totally new appreciation of how subtly inflammation can work and how wildly awry it can go over time. It’s not about “a massive infection or a welt the size of an egg because you got hit in the head with a two-by-four,” Tracy says. “Inflammation also goes on at a much lower level.” As it simmers in the background, over years and decades, collateral damage accumulates—in the heart, in the brain, everywhere. Harvey Jay Cohen, chairman of the department of medicine and director of the Center for the Study of Aging at Duke University Medical Center, likens inflammation to “little waves lapping on the shore. It’s a relatively low level of activity, one that sustained over time wears away at the beach and stimulates other bad events.”

Evolution has designed into us a cruel trade-off: What saves us in the short term kills us over the long haul. As we get older, acute episodes of inflammation tend to turn into chronic ones, perhaps because the regulation of the immune system becomes less efficient. Inflammatory factors in the blood can increase two- to fourfold. Chronic infections may be partly to blame. Although we usually don’t know it, nearly all adults are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, and at least 60 percent of us with cytomegalovirus. These two pathogens can stay in our bodies in a latent state, hiding out in our cells. But Ronald Glaser, a viral immunologist at Ohio State University Medical Center and his research partner (and wife), psychologist Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, think that these viruses are not fully dormant. They’ve found evidence (pdf) that with age, antibodies to these viruses increase, indicating a reawakened virus and an active immune response.

Early experiences may also influence the way that inflammation affects an individual’s aging, says Caleb Finch, a neurobiologist and gerontologist at the University of Southern California. Analyzing historical birth and death records from 19th-century Europe, he and Eileen Crimmins, a gerontologist and sociologist at the University of Southern California, found that longevity is directly related to exposure to childhood disease. Children born during years of high neonatal mortality who survived to adulthood didn’t live as long as those born in healthier years. The reason, he says, is inflammation: A high infectious burden in childhood results in a high inflammatory burden in adulthood, which results in a shorter, sicker life. Conversely, Finch believes that people in affluent countries now live so long because their childhoods are free from diseases like measles, typhoid, malaria, whooping cough, and worms. Without these diseases, people grow bigger and stronger—and live much longer.

Looking beyond provocative findings like those in Finch’s study, Tracy and other researchers on aging say that it may be too simplistic to think of inflammation in terms of straightforward cause and effect. Instead we must think of human biology as a group of interdependent systems. “Is inflammation a response to aging, or is it causing aging or disease?” Tracy asks. “My answer is: Yep, yep, yep. It does all those things. There’s no other way to think about it—it’s both cause and response to what’s going on.”

Inflammation is not uncontested as a theory of aging. There are many competing hypotheses. Yet inflammation reinforces some more than others, potentially establishing a plausible constellation of mechanisms responsible for aging.

For example, according to the “free radical” hypothesis of aging, we get older because of constant cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen compounds that are a natural product of metabolism. Inflammation can partly explain how this might work. Macrophages, as part of the inflammatory response, produce reactive oxygen species in order to attack bacteria. Oxidative stress and inflammation clearly egg each other on, and calming one can inhibit the other.

To take another prominent example, a low-calorie diet is known to increase the life spans of creatures ranging from flatworms to rats, but no one knows why, or whether it will help humans live longer. Inflammation provides a clue: Dietary restriction sharply inhibits the inflammatory response, and that may be part of why it promotes longevity at the same time that it reduces insulin resistance and slows dementia. Yet another widely discussed theory of why we age blames the shortening of telomeres, chromosomal structures that, in most cells, dwindle with each division and may ultimately limit the number of times any cell can divide. It is possible that inflammation could play a role here, too, because it prompts the faster turnover of cells in the immune system and other tissues.

Still, nobody thinks that there is a single root cause of aging—different species may age in different ways, and multiple mechanisms are probably at work. “I think it would be a mistake to suggest that inflammation is the cause of aging, or that all theories of aging must be tied to it,” Cohen says. Then again it may not ultimately matter whether inflammation is the most significant cause of our decay. More important is that inflammation offers an unparalleled opportunity to do something about it.

Some ways to reduce inflammation are elementary. It is impossible to know exactly what is going on in Jim Hammond’s body, but all the aspects of his regimen—healthy food, exercise, and a good attitude—reduce systemic inflammation. Those of us without his tenacity can turn to drug companies, which are exploring new anti-inflammatory drugs like flavonoids.

Researchers are also looking at new uses for old drugs—trying to prevent Alzheimer’s using ibuprofen, for example. “The research is really to prevent the chronic debilitating diseases of aging,” says Nir Barzilai, a molecular geneticist and director of the Institute for Aging Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. “But if I develop a drug, it will have a side effect, which is that you will live longer.”

Some of this research stretches the boundaries of what we know. Rudi Westendorp, head of the department of gerontology and geriatrics at the Leiden University Medical Center, is trying to treat old-age depression with drugs that are currently used for autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Harvard University researchers are considering a vaccine against atherosclerosis, which may provoke a reaction that suppresses inflammation.

The caveat with these experiments is that by modifying inflammation, we are playing with fire. After all, fighting off infection is an absolutely essential bodily function. “The danger of monkeying around in a system like that is that you may do more harm than good,” Cohen says. But humans appear willing to renegotiate the ancient evolutionary bargain that traded robust reproductive health for frail old age.

Think of Jim Hammond if you have any doubts. In his blog, he describes running the 800-meter race in the 2007 National Senior Olympics games. “I won in a photo finish, and I broke the national record,” he wrote. The crowd went nuts. At the age of 93, Hammond had the most exhilarating experience of his entire life.

MelodyL · 12-11-2007, 12:09 AM

Want to know what I'd like to do??

Get a transfusion from this Jim Hammond guy!!!! Then go running with him.

I LOVED the article.

I read about telomeres a long long time ago!!

Thank God, I eat fish, and take my vitamin C, and my B-12 methyl.

If I can beat Father Time for a few more years, I'm going to do it.

Thanks so much for this article. Makes me want to go and do pushups. Too bad I have scoliosis. lol

mel

Wing42 · 12-11-2007, 01:23 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by MelodyL

Want to know what I'd like to do??

Get a transfusion from this Jim Hammond guy!!!! Then go running with him.

I LOVED the article.

I read about telomeres a long long time ago!!

Thank God, I eat fish, and take my vitamin C, and my B-12 methyl.

If I can beat Father Time for a few more years, I'm going to do it.

Thanks so much for this article. Makes me want to go and do pushups. Too bad I have scoliosis. lol

mel

Melody, reading your posting, I had a flash that inflammation is one of the effects of diabetes. It looks like this is another piece of the puzzle.

Take care. For many years I used to be as active as you are in the forum, and still lurk occasionally. It's good to see such great people helping each other cope, support each other in many ways, and learn.

Brian · 12-11-2007, 06:29 AM

Thanks David for an interesting read, makes me wonder about the long term benefits of taking fish oil supplements, i believe it has really good anti inflammatory qualities as well as many other good benefits as well, i think it is much better to use natural substance [if possible], rather than taking NSAIDs drugs.

Brian

glenntaj · 12-11-2007, 06:50 AM

--and posit that all disease is an autoimmune reaction gone awry.

Interesting read. The body functions as a set of interconnected systems, and certainly imbalances in one area will be felt in others. It really does seem as if many of these systems (inflammatory, cholesterol, insulin) have an "optimal functioning range"--too much or too little is not a good thing.

(Good to see you post again, too.)

Wing42 · 12-11-2007, 10:33 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Brian

Thanks David for an interesting read, makes me wonder about the long term benefits of taking fish oil supplements, i believe it has really good anti inflammatory qualities as well as many other good benefits as well, i think it is much better to use natural substance [if possible], rather than taking NSAIDs drugs.

Brian

Later I'll post an even longer article on reducing inflammation. Fish oil is one of the main strategies. I take 4 capsules a day.

As a bonus, my cats are far more affectionate now, though they have started biting me occasionally.

Wing42 · 12-11-2007, 10:39 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by glenntaj

--and posit that all disease is an autoimmune reaction gone awry.

Interesting read. The body functions as a set of interconnected systems, and certainly imbalances in one area will be felt in others. It really does seem as if many of these systems (inflammatory, cholesterol, insulin) have an "optimal functioning range"--too much or too little is not a good thing.

(Good to see you post again, too.)

Good points. I agree that there are no magic cures, and we should beware of relying on the latest and greatest to cure us, while neglecting other aspects of our bodies and minds. Even a large amount of, let's say, fish oil will have little healing effect if we continue to be sedentary, overweight, eat gobs of fat and sugar, and walk around angry, self pitying, and resentful.

MelodyL · 12-11-2007, 11:22 AM

If I took 4 fish oil capsules every day, I WOULD NEVER GET OUT OF THE BATHROOM. This stuff does a number on my stomach like you would never believe.

I believe, if we do the best we can, if have a good support system, keep our weight as normalized as possible (and not sit in front of a tv and vegetate), but be like those people who volunteer to do the meals on wheels, or visit older neighbors and say "do you need anything, what can I go and get for you", etc. etc.

I mean if we try to be the best we can be, with whatever hand we are dealt with, and more important, if we can reduce the stress from our existence (which is probably quite impossible), but if we at least try and see the glass as half full instead of half empty, well we are least one point ahead of everybody else.

But if we put crap into our bodies, if we don't move our bodies, if we sit and vegetate and look at the world and say 'bah humbug", well, I think we're doomed before we have begun.

I realize that this can't apply to everybody because many people are dealt hands at birth that we have no control over and we do the best we can, but if we are dealt a healthy body, a healthy immune system, and if we don't do all that we can do to maintain it, and give back to the community, then, well, we end up like my son, (who sits in front of a tv or a computer all day long, and does absolutely nothing with his life). Not only does he see the glass as half empty, he sees every glass as half empty.

People who don't see the good in life, who can't appreciate smelling a beautiful flower, or appreciate a beautiful sunrise, or sunset, who don't appreciate the touch of another person's hand on their face, well, they lose a lot in life. And when they don't feel that they can bring anything to the table, and just take and take, then inevitably, their bodies will go along with it and say "hey, just keep giving me pizza and soda and vegetate".

I truly believe the mind and body play in harmony together. (and methyl b-12 and the other stuff can't hurt).

But we are spiritual beings. We need to reach out and touch someone, to care. I find it amazing that all I have to do is open a newspaper and I can see that many young people today have stopped caring.

I don't understand this. Maybe it's all this technology. I mean, it has it's place, but it can never replace sitting outside on the porch with a nice person and just having a chat. My son will never understand my way of thinking and I'll never understand his.

But then again, my way of thinking and action, got me to lose over 100 lbs, reverse the diabetes in my eyes and make my doctor proud of me.

I have worked hard to get to this place. I should have done it 30 years ago but I was not ready. So I'm working on the brain and the body, trying to make it all in sync.

Right now, I'm learning how to convert video files from avi files to mpg files.

Who would have thought a 60 year old woman would be making videos and uploading to google and youtube??? Not me!!!

There's always someone worse off than we are. I watch Extreme Makeover Home Edition and the seriously ill kids on that show make me want to hit myself in the head and go "and I think I have it bad?"

No, we have to get out of our comfort zones and, if we are able I mean, just live our life the best we can. We only get one pass in this world. (We might come back in another form), but for right now, this is what we have.

I aim to make the best of it. And I realize that there are many people who have such pain that they don't want to go on. Alan was in just such a place 5 years ago. But look at him now.

The other day, Alan's IVIG nurse brought her 9 year old with her.

I had an absolute ball with this kid on the computer. I haven't seen the world through a nine year old's eyes in a long time.

We were sitting at his my-space page when he politely asks me "would you help me pimp my skin?" I just looked at him thinking "okay, I'm supposed to know what he's talking about, just play along". I said 'of course I will, why don't you start". Then he puts the mouse to a link which says "pimp your skin".

Want to know what that means??? "It means "change the background of your myspace page". I never would have thought of that. I never laughed so hard.

These kids today are smart as whips. They are our future.

I just hope I live long enough to see what they accomplish in 20 or 30 years.

We'll be flying around in our personal helicopters by then!!!!! lol

cyclelops · 12-11-2007, 05:45 PM

Great article Wings, and great philosophy Mel.

It makes me want to sign up for another sprint triathlon....my plan was to win an AARP one...I did my last one at 50 and didn't make it to the AARP ones. I have my doubts I will ever do another one...but hope springs eternal. My first ever bike race done at 36....I passed a man who was....87. I felt guilty passing him...but I had a medal to earn, LOL. (I'm a jerk.)

Now I just want to get my ever enlarging butt on the bike seat....forget the medals...

The inflammation theory makes one want to eat an entire bottle of ibuprophen.

I do want to say as much as I preach on my genealogy....what I did find was an amazing longevity in my Swedish line....my lord, many lived to their
80's-90's back in the 1600-1700's. Plus many women bore children in their mid 40's....and the kids lived as long as their parents. I think TB, influenza etc took the most lives back then. Today in Sweden, their average life span is 10 years longer than ours.

Aging has been associated with telomere disintegration, which probably is that self destruct inflammatory process.

I had every infection as a kid but mumps....I had to get a mumps shot as an adult. I remember having the measles...wow I was sick...then the chicken pox, german measles (rubella)...ah yes, the good old days. Yet....I show no visible signs of inflammation...what an enigma.

Oh well, I might as well enjoy my gingerbread bears made with American grown wheat, US molasses, Wisconsin organic butter, and 100 other ingredients from who knows where...if their premise holds true...I am toast.

I will pass on pimping the skin....just because it can be done doesn't mean I have to do it. I gave up on climbing Everest too.

Two things are certain, death and taxes. Alert me if that changes soon.

MelodyL · 12-11-2007, 08:47 PM

I once read that the average life expectancy (in 1900) was 40 years of age.

Then I read that Rose Kennedy (the President's mother), lived to be almost 105. And Queen Elizabeth's mother, (the Queen MUM), well I believe she was over 100, right??

So, how come all these people can reach 100??

mel

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